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  • About New Mexico

    New Mexico (Spanish: Nuevo México [ˈnweβo ˈmexiko] (About this soundlisten); Navajo: Yootó Hahoodzo [joː˩tʰo˥ ha˩hoː˩tso˩]) is a state in the Southwestern United States; its capital is Santa Fe, which was founded in 1610 as capital of Nuevo México (itself established as a province of New Spain in 1598), while its largest city is Albuquerque with its accompanying metropolitan area. It is one of the Mountain States of the Southern Rocky Mountains, and shares the Four Corners region of the Western U.S. with Utah, Colorado, and Arizona. New Mexico is also bordered by the state of Texas to the east-southeast, Oklahoma to the northeast, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua to the south and Sonora to the southwest. With a population of 2,120,220 as of the 2020 U.S. Census, New Mexico is the 36th largest state by population. With a total area of 121,590 sq mi (314,900 km2), it is the fifth-largest and sixth-least densely populated of the 50 states. Due to their geographic locations, northern and eastern New Mexico exhibit a colder alpine climate, while western and southern New Mexico exhibit a warmer arid climate; the Rio Grande and its fertile valley runs from north-to-south creating a riperian climate in the middle of the state, supplying central New Mexico with its bosque (gallery forest) and distinct Albuquerque Basin climate.




    The economy of New Mexico is dependent on oil drilling, mineral extraction, dryland farming, cattle ranching, acequia and landrace agriculture, lumber milling, retail trade, scientific research laboratories, technological development, as well as the arts, especially textiles and visual arts. As of 2018, its total gross domestic product (GDP) was $101 billion[8] with a GDP per capita of $45,465. State tax policy results in low to moderate taxation of resident personal income compared to most U.S. states, with special consideration for military personnel, and gives tax credits and exemptions to favorable industries. Because of this, its film industry has grown and contributed $1.23 billion to its overall economy. Due to its large area and economic climate, New Mexico has a large U.S. military presence marked notably with the White Sands Missile Range. Various U.S. national security agencies base their research and testing arms in New Mexico, such as the Sandia and Los Alamos National Laboratories; during the 1940s, Project Y of the Manhattan Project developed and built the country's first atomic bomb and nuclear test, Trinity.




    Inhabited by Native Americans for many thousands of years before European exploration, it was colonized by the Spanish in 1598 as part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain. In 1563, it was named Nuevo México after the Aztec Valley of Mexico by Spanish settlers, more than 250 years before the establishment and naming of the present-day country of Mexico; thus, the present-day state of New Mexico was not named after the country today known as Mexico.[9][10] After Mexican independence in 1821, New Mexico became a Mexican territory with considerable autonomy. This autonomy was threatened, however, by the centralizing tendencies of the Mexican government from the 1830s onward, with rising tensions eventually leading to the Revolt of 1837. At the same time, the region became more economically dependent on the United States. At the conclusion of the Mexican–American War in 1848, the United States annexed New Mexico as the New Mexico Territory. It was admitted to the Union as the 47th state on January 6, 1912.




    Its history has given New Mexico the highest percentage of Hispanic and Latino Americans, and the second-highest percentage of Native Americans as a population proportion (after Alaska).[11] New Mexico is home to part of the Navajo Nation, 19 federally recognized Pueblo communities of Puebloan peoples, and three different federally recognized Apache tribes. In prehistoric times, the area was home to Ancestral Puebloans, Mogollon, and the modern extant Comanche and Utes[12] inhabited the state. The largest Hispanic and Latino groups represented include the Hispanos of New Mexico, Chicanos, and Mexicans. The New Mexican flag features the state's Spanish origins with the same scarlet and gold coloration as Spain's Cross of Burgundy, along with the ancient sun symbol of the Zia, a Puebloan tribe.[13] These indigenous, Hispanic, Mexican, Latin, and American frontier roots are reflected in the eponymous New Mexican cuisine and the New




    Etymology


    New Mexico received its name long before the present-day nation of Mexico won independence from Spain and adopted that name in 1821. Though the name "Mexico" itself derives from Nahuatl, and in that language, it originally referred to the heartland of the Empire of the Mexicas (Aztec Empire) in the Valley of Mexico far from the area of New Mexico, Spanish explorers also used the term "Mexico" to name the region of New Mexico (Nuevo México in Spanish) in 1563. In 1581, the Chamuscado and Rodríguez Expedition named the region north of the Rio Grande "San Felipe del Nuevo México".[14] The Spaniards had hoped to find wealthy indigenous Mexica (Aztec) cultures there similar to those of the Aztec (Mexica) Empire of the Valley of Mexico. The indigenous cultures of New Mexico, however, proved to be unrelated to the Mexicas, and they were not wealthy,[15][16] but the name persisted. Before statehood, the name "New Mexico" applied to various configurations of a former U.S. New Mexico Territory and, even before its former Mexican territorial status, a former provincial kingdom of New Spain called Nuevo México, all in the same general area, but of varying extensions.[17]




    Geography


    Further information: List of counties in New Mexico


    See also: Delaware Basin




    Wheeler Peak in the Sangre de Cristo Range




    Puebloan ruins at Chaco Canyon




    Carlsbad Caverns National Park




    White Sands National Park




    Rio Grande Gorge and Bridge




    Shiprock


    With a total area of 121,590 square miles (314,900 km2),[1] New Mexico is the fifth-largest state. New Mexico's eastern border lies along 103°W longitude with the state of Oklahoma, and (due to a 19th-century surveying error)[18] 2.2 miles (3.5 kilometres) west of 103°W longitude with Texas.[19] On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern two-thirds, while the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora make up the western third, with Chihuahua making up about 90% of that. The western border with Arizona runs along the 109° 03'W longitude.[20] The southwestern corner of the state is known as the Bootheel. The 37°N parallel forms the northern boundary with Colorado. The states of New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah come together at the Four Corners in New Mexico's northwestern corner. Its surface water area is about 292 square miles (760 km2).[1]




    The New Mexican landscape ranges from wide, auburn-colored deserts to broken mesas to high, snow-capped peaks. Despite New Mexico's arid image, heavily forested mountain wildernesses cover a significant portion of the state, especially towards the north. The Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost part of the Rocky Mountains, run roughly north–south along the east side of the Rio Grande in the rugged, pastoral north. The most important of New Mexico's rivers are the Rio Grande, Pecos, Canadian, San Juan, and Gila. The Rio Grande is tied for the fourth-longest river in the United States.[21]




    The U.S. government protects millions of acres of New Mexico as national forests, including:[22]




    Carson National Forest


    Cibola National Forest (headquartered in Albuquerque)


    Lincoln National Forest


    Santa Fe National Forest (headquartered in Santa Fe)


    Gila National Forest


    Gila Wilderness


    Areas managed by the National Park Service include:[23]




    Aztec Ruins National Monument at Aztec


    Bandelier National Monument in Los Alamos


    Capulin Volcano National Monument near Capulin


    Carlsbad Caverns National Park near Carlsbad


    Chaco Culture National Historical Park at Nageezi


    El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail


    El Malpais National Monument in Grants


    El Morro National Monument in Ramah


    Fort Union National Monument at Watrous


    Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument near Silver City


    Old Spanish National Historic Trail


    Organ Mountains—Desert Peaks National Monument near Las Cruces


    Manhattan Project National Historical Park


    Pecos National Historical Park in Pecos


    Petroglyph National Monument near Albuquerque


    Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument at Mountainair


    Santa Fe National Historic Trail


    White Sands National Park near Alamogordo


    Rio Grande del Norte National Monument near Taos


    Valles Caldera National Preserve in the Jemez Mountains


    Areas managed by the New Mexico State Parks Division:[24]




    Bluewater Lake State Park


    Bottomless Lakes State Park


    Brantley Lake State Park


    Cerrillos Hills State Park


    Caballo Lake State Park


    Cimarron Canyon State Park


    City of Rocks State Park


    Clayton Lake State Park


    Conchas Lake State Park


    Coyote Creek State Park


    Eagle Nest Lake State Park


    Elephant Butte Lake State Park


    El Vado Lake State Park


    Heron Lake State Park


    Hyde Memorial State Park


    Leasburg Dam State Park


    Living Desert Zoo and Gardens State Park


    Manzano Mountains State Park


    Mesilla Valley Bosque State Park


    Morphy Lake State Park


    Navajo Lake (Rio Arriba, NM and San Juan, NM)


    Oasis State Park


    Oliver Lee Memorial State Park


    Pancho Villa State Park


    Percha Dam State Park


    Rio Grande Nature Center State Park


    Rockhound State Park


    Santa Rosa Lake State Park


    Storrie Lake State Park


    Sugarite Canyon State Park


    Sumner Lake State Park


    Fenton Lake State Park


    Ute Lake State Park


    Vietnam Veterans Memorial State Park


    Villanueva State Park


    Visitors also frequent the surviving native pueblos of New Mexico. Tourists visiting these sites bring significant money to the state. Other areas of geographical and scenic interest include Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument and the Gila Wilderness in the southwest of the state.[25]




    Climate




    Köppen climate types of New Mexico


    New Mexico's climate is generally semiarid to arid, though areas of continental and alpine climates exist, and its territory is mostly covered by mountains, high plains, and desert. The Great Plains (High Plains) are in eastern New Mexico, similar to the Colorado high plains in eastern Colorado. The two states share similar terrain, with both having plains, mountains, basins, mesas, and desert lands. New Mexico's statewide average precipitation is 12.9 inches (330 mm) a year, with average monthly amounts peaking in the summer, as at Albuquerque, and Las Cruces in the south. The average annual temperatures can range from 65 °F (18 °C) in the southeast to below 40 °F (4 °C) in the northern mountains.[20] During the summer, daytime temperatures can often exceed 100 °F (38 °C) at elevations below 5,000 feet (1,500 m), the average high temperature in July ranges from 99 °F (37 °C) at the lower elevations down to 78 °F (26 °C) at the higher elevations. In the colder months of November to March, many cities in New Mexico can have nighttime temperature lows in the teens above zero, or lower. The highest temperature recorded in New Mexico was 122 °F (50 °C) at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) near Loving on June 27, 1994, and the lowest recorded temperature is −50 °F (−46 °C) at Gavilan (near Lindrith) on February 1, 1951.[26]




    Astronomical observatories in New Mexico take advantage of unusually clear skies, including the Apache Point Observatory, the Very Large Array, the Magdalena Ridge Observatory, and others.[27][28]




    Flora and fauna




    Greater roadrunner (the state bird of New Mexico)


    New Mexico has five unique floristic zones, providing diverse sets of habitats for many plants and animals. The Llano Estacado (or Shortgrass Prairie) in the eastern part of the state is characterized by sod-forming short grasses such as blue grama, and it used to sustain bison. The Chihuahuan Desert extends through the south of the state and is characterized by shrubby creosote. The Colorado Plateau in the northwest corner of New Mexico is high desert with cold winters, and is characterized by sagebrush, shadescale, greasewood, and other plants adapted to the saline and seleniferous soil. The mountainous Mogollon Plateau in the west-central of the state and southern Rocky Mountains in the north-central, have a wide range in elevation (4,000 to 13,000 ft or 1,200 to 4,000 m), with vegetation types corresponding to elevation gradients, such as piñon-juniper woodlands near the base, through evergreen conifers, spruce-fir and aspen forests, Krummholz, and alpine tundra. The Apachian zone tucked into the southwestern bootheel of the state has high-calcium soil, oak woodlands, and Arizona cypress, and other plants that are not found in other parts of the state.[29][30]




    Some of the native wildlife includes black bears, bighorn sheep, bobcats, cougars, coyotes, deer, elk, jackrabbits, kangaroo rats, javelina, porcupines, pronghorn antelope, roadrunners, western diamondbacks, wild turkeys,[31][32][33] and the endangered Mexican gray wolf and Rio Grande silvery minnow.[34]




    Environmental Issues


    In January 2016, New Mexico sued the United States Environmental Protection Agency over negligence after the 2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill. The spill had caused heavy metals such as cadmium and lead and toxins such as arsenic to flow into the Animas River, polluting water basins of several states[35]




    History


    Main articles: History of New Mexico, New Spain, Santa Fe de Nuevo México, Mexican War of Independence, Treaty of Córdoba, First Mexican Empire, Provisional Government of Mexico, 1824 Constitution of Mexico, First Mexican Republic, Siete Leyes, Centralist Republic of Mexico, Texas Revolution, Convention of 1836, Texas Declaration of Independence, Treaties of Velasco, Republic of Texas, and Santa María–Calatrava Treaty


    See also: Territorial evolution of New Mexico




    Ancestral Pueblo territory shown in pink over New Mexico


    Prehistory


    The first known inhabitants of New Mexico were members of the Clovis culture of Paleo-Indians.[36]:19 Later inhabitants include American Indians of the Mogollon and Ancestral Pueblo peoples cultures.[37]:52




    Seven Cities of Cibola and Nuevo México


    Main articles: Seven Golden Cities of Cibola and Santa Fe de Nuevo México




    Statue of Popé, leader of the Pueblo Revolt. The statue, entitled Po'pay, is among two statues depicting New Mexicans at the United States Capitol National Statuary Hall Collection, the other being Dennis Chávez.


    Francisco Vásquez de Coronado assembled an enormous expedition at Compostela in 1540–1542 to explore and find the mythical Seven Golden Cities of Cibola as described by Fray Marcos de Niza.[37]:19–24 The name New Mexico was first used by a seeker of gold mines named Francisco de Ibarra, who explored far to the north of New Spain in 1563 and reported his findings as being in "a New Mexico".[38] Juan de Oñate officially established the name when he was appointed the first governor of the new Province of New Mexico in 1598.[37]:36–37 The same year, he founded the San Juan de los Caballeros capital at San Gabriel de Yungue-Ouinge, the first permanent European settlement in New Mexico,[39] on the Rio Grande near Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo.[37]:37 Oñate extended El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, Royal Road of the Interior, by 700 miles (1,100 km) from Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua, to his remote colony.[40]:49




    The settlement of La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís was established as a more permanent capital at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in 1610.[40]:182 As a result of the Pueblo Revolt, the only successful revolt against European expansion by Native Americans, these early cities were occupied by the Puebloan peoples until the Spanish returned with an offer of better cultural and religious liberties for the Pueblos.[41][42][36]:6,48 After the death of the Pueblo leader Popé, Diego de Vargas restored the area to Spanish rule.[37]:68–75 The returning settlers founded La Villa de Alburquerque in 1706 at Old Town Albuquerque as a trading center for existing surrounding communities such as Barelas, Isleta, Los Ranchos, and Sandia,[37]:84 naming it for the viceroy of New Spain, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque.[43]






    Territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México when it belonged to Mexico in 1824


    As a part of New Spain, the claims for the province of New Mexico passed to independent Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence.[37]:109 The Republic of Texas claimed the portion east of the Rio Grande when it seceded from Mexico in 1836 when it incorrectly assumed the older Hispanic settlements of the upper Rio Grande were the same as the newly established Mexican settlements of Texas. Texas's only attempt to establish a presence or control in the claimed territory was the failed Texan Santa Fe Expedition. Their entire army was captured and jailed by the Hispanic New Mexico militia.




    At the turn of the 19th century, the extreme northeastern part of New Mexico, north of the Canadian River and east of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains was still claimed by France, which sold it in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. When the Louisiana Territory was admitted as a state in 1812, the U.S. reclassified it as part of the Missouri Territory. The region (along with territory that makes up present-day southeastern Colorado, the Texas and Oklahoma Panhandles, and southwestern Kansas) was ceded to Spain under the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819.




    By 1800, the population of New Mexico had reached 25,000.[44]




    Statehood


    Main articles: Admission to the Union and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union




    A Hispano boy in Chamisal, 1940.




    A Homesteader and his children at the New Mexico Fair in Pie Town, New Mexico, 1940


    The United States Congress admitted New Mexico as the 47th state on January 6, 1912.[37]:166 New Mexico was eligible for statehood 60 years earlier but was kept out of the union for more than a half-century because it had a majority "alien" (i.e. Mexican-American) population.[50]




    European-American settlers in the state had an uneasy relationship with the large Native American tribes, most of whose members lived on reservations at the beginning of the 20th century. Although Congress passed a law in 1924 that granted all Native Americans U.S. citizenship, as well as the right to vote in federal and state elections, New Mexico was among several states with Jim Crow laws, e.g. those who do not pay taxes cannot vote.[51]




    A major oil discovery in 1928 brought wealth to the state, especially Lea County and the town of Hobbs. The town was named after James Hobbs, a homesteader there in 1907.[52] The Midwest State No. 1 well, begun in late 1927 with a standard cable-tool drilling rig, revealed the first signs of oil from the Hobbs field on June 13, 1928. Drilled to 4,330 feet and completed a few months later, the well-produced 700 barrels of oil per day on state land. The Midwest Refining Company's Hobbs well-produced oil until 2002. The New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources called it "the most important single discovery of oil in New Mexico's history".[53]




    During World War II, the first atomic bombs were designed and manufactured at Los Alamos, a site developed by the federal government specifically to support a high-intensity scientific effort to rapidly complete research and testing of this weapon. The first bomb was tested at Trinity site in the desert between Socorro and Alamogordo on what is now White Sands Missile Range.[37]:179–180




    Historical population


    Census Pop. %±


    1850 61,547 —


    1860 93,516 51.9%


    1870 91,874 −1.8%


    1880 119,565 30.1%


    1890 160,282 34.1%


    1900 195,310 21.9%


    1910 327,301 67.6%


    1920 360,350 10.1%


    1930 423,317 17.5%


    1940 531,818 25.6%


    1950 681,187 28.1%


    1960 951,023 39.6%


    1970 1,016,000 6.8%


    1980 1,302,894 28.2%


    1990 1,515,069 16.3%


    2000 1,819,046 20.1%


    2010 2,059,179 13.2%


    2020 2,117,522 2.8%


    Source: 1910–2020[54]


    Native Americans from New Mexico fought for the United States in both the First and Second World Wars. Veterans were disappointed to return and find their civil rights limited by state discrimination. In Arizona and New Mexico, veterans challenged state laws or practices prohibiting them from voting. In 1948, after veteran Miguel Trujillo, Sr. of Isleta Pueblo was told by the county registrar that he could not register to vote, he filed suit against the county in federal district court. A three-judge panel overturned as unconstitutional New Mexico's provisions that Indians who did not pay taxes (and could not document if they had paid taxes) could not vote.[51] Judge Phillips wrote:




    Any other citizen, regardless of race, in the State of New Mexico who has not paid one cent of tax of any kind or character, if he possesses the other qualifications, may vote. An Indian, and only an Indian, in order to meet the qualifications to vote, must have paid a tax. How you can escape the conclusion that makes a requirement with respect to an Indian as a qualification to exercise the elective franchise and does not make that requirement with respect to the member of any race is beyond me.[51]




    New Mexico has received large amounts of federal government spending on major military and research institutions in the state. It is home to three Air Force bases, White Sands Missile Range, and the federal research laboratories Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories. The state's population grew rapidly after World War II, growing from 531,818 in 1940 to 1,819,046 in 2000.[55] Both residents and businesses moved to the state; some northerners came at first for the mild winters; others for retirement.




    On May 22, 1957, a B-36 accidentally dropped a nuclear bomb 4.5 miles from the control tower while landing at Kirtland Air Force Base (only its conventional "trigger" detonated). [56][57]




    In the late 20th century, Native Americans were authorized by federal law to establish gaming casinos on their reservations under certain conditions, in states which had authorized such gaming. Such facilities have helped tribes close to population centers generate revenues for reinvestment in the economic development and welfare of their peoples.




    In the 21st century, employment growth areas in New Mexico include electronic circuitry, scientific research, call centers, and Indian casinos.[58]




    Demographics


    See also: New Mexico locations by per capita income


    Population


    The United States Census Bureau recorded a population of 2,117,522 as of April 2020, an increase of 2.8% from the 2,059,179 counted in the 2010 census.[59] By comparison, between 2000 and 2010, the population increased by 11.7% from 1,819,046.[60]




    More than half of New Mexico's residents (51.4%) were born there; 37.9% were born in another state; 1.1% were born in Puerto Rico, an island territory, or abroad to at least one American parent; and 9.4% were foreign born.[61] Almost a quarter of the population (22.7%) was under the age of 18, and that's median age of 38.4 is slightly above the national average of 38.2.




    With a Hispanic population of 49.3%, New Mexico has the highest percentage of residents with Hispanic ancestry in the U.S. This broad classification includes descendants of Spanish colonists who settled between the 16th and 18th centuries, and recent immigrants from various nations in Latin America.




    According to census data, from 2000 to 2010, the number of persons in poverty increased to 400,779, or approximately one-fifth of the population.[60] The latest 2020 census recorded a slightly reduced poverty rate of 18.2%, albeit the fifth-highest rate of poverty of all U.S. states, territories, and the District of Columbia.

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